Electrons in solids are organized into energy bands. The highest-energy band, referred to as the valence band, controls many of the important physical properties such as electrical conductivity and chemical bonding. Doping in organic semiconductors is achieved by removing a small fraction of electrons from the valence band. Holes, the absence of electrons, can then flow and conduct electricity. Doping leads to an increase in the number of holes, but it also increases the number of ions, which limits the power. How can the doping problem be solved ?

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