American oil-and-gas companies developed fracking in the 1940s as a means to improve the flow in wells. The process uses water, sand and thickening agents to blast gas out of porous rock formations, known as shale, deep underground. Over the past decade the widespread application of fracking has transformed America’s energy industry. Most of the 950bn cubic metres (bcm) of gas America produces each year comes from fracking.urope is gripped by an energy crisis. Last year the eu imported 83% of its gas. Since then its main supplier, Russia (which provided around 40% of those imports) has slashed deliveries. Can fracking really help to solve the energy crisis ?

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