Outright attacks on medical facilities are morally reprehensible but, from the perspective of the law of armed conflict (loac), they are, sadly, not always unlawful. That depends on targeting. Of the attacks launched by Israeli forces in Gaza since October 7th, none have caused more international consternation than those that have hit hospitals and ambulances—even as Israel insists it takes care to target Hamas, not civilians. Attacks on medical facilities and a lack of supplies have brought Gaza’s health-care system to “a point of no return”. On November 3rd the Israel Defence Forces (idf) stated that “a Hamas terrorist cell” had been identified using an ambulance and in response an idf aircraft “neutralised” those inside the vehicle. Is there a legal significance for IDF hitting hospitals in Gaza?

