The war has also brought back fears of nuclear destruction. Vladimir Putin’s decision to increase the readiness of Russian nuclear forces in its first days, and veiled nuclear threats from Russian officials, provoked a direct response from Joe Biden. Last month he promised “severe consequences” for “any use of nuclear weapons in this conflict on any scale”. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine came as a shock and reminded the world of the worst moments in its history. could Nuclear plants become dirty bombs in Ukraine?

