Despite much criticism of Qatar’s World Cup, the football is captivating fans. The biggest upset in a World Cup knockout match this century, Morocco beat Portugal on December 10th for a place in the semi-finals. Bookies had given them just a 16% chance of winning. Gianni Infantino, the much-derided president of FIFA, described the first 48 matches in the group stage of the tournament as the “best ever”, pointing in particular to “small teams beating big teams” , in this world cup, one aspect is quantifiable: the surprises. Have there been more upsets in this World Cup?

