Venus is a post-apocalyptic wasteland: Its asphyxiating carbon dioxide atmosphere mingles with highly corrosive sulphuric acid clouds; its crushing surface pressures are equivalent to being a mile underwater; and its surface temperatures hit 900F. Curiously though, the presence of a rarer, heavier form of water in its atmosphere indicates that there once was a lot more normal water on Venus.If that water existed not as steam, but as lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, it would have been the solar system’s second blue marble. How did Earth escape Venus’ fate?

